Albania. The country was seized later by Tigranes II The Great of Armenia (83); he ruled until his defeat by Pompey, who ended years of anarchy by making Syria a Roman province (64-63). In the late 4th century, Armenia was divided between Rome and the Sasanians, who took control of the larger part of the Armenian Kingdom and in the mid-5th century abolished the Armenian monarchy. The influence of Christianity was felt in the 1st century after Christ: Christianity was first introduced by the apostles Bartholomew and Jude Thaddeus. [86] Armenians, like the other Ottoman Christians (though not to the same extent), had to transfer some of their healthy male children to the Sultan's government due to the devirme policies in place. Sargsyan accepted the proposal of studying the issue of the Armenian genocide through a commission, and recognized the current Turkish-Armenian border. Despite this, Armenia has maintained its own unique Christian cultural identity in the heart of the Muslim Middle Eastern world through to the present day. provinciae) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. In March 2018, Sargsyan was re-elected Prime Minister, despite opposition protests. With the eastwards expansion of the Roman Republic during the Mithridatic Wars, the Kingdom of Armenia, under the Artaxiad dynasty, was made a Roman protectorate by Pompey in 6665 BC. 150 BCE The Lusitani are betrayed and slaughtered by the Romans. During times of crisis the ones in the remote regions of mountainous eastern Anatolia were mistreated by local Kurdish chiefs and feudal lords. [39] According to the Armenian tradition, the Medes helped the Armenians establish the Orontid dynasty. Tigranes (pro-Roman) king of Armenia (Armenia capta) Another diplomatic move in CE 1 Trouble in Armenia after Tigranes died ca. Police, overwhelmed by the sheer size of the crowd, pulled out. I have been living in Turkey for more than ten years. A single legion was deployed there in 125 AD. [citation needed], In the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War, 18261828, the parts of historic Armenia (also known as Eastern Armenia) under Persian control, centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan, were incorporated into Russia after Qajar Persia's forced ceding in 1828 per the Treaty of Turkmenchay. Armenia's history is rich with many cultures, including its own very deep traditions. Martiros Kavoukjian, "The Genesis of Armenian People", Montreal, 1982. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1915. The geographic makeup of Arabia has some variation. [91] As a result of which an estimated 57,000 Armenian refugees from Persia returned to the territory of the Erivan Khanate after 1828, while about 35,000 Muslims (Persians, Turkic groups, Kurds, Lezgis, etc.) "Peter Semneby: EU tries to create trust between Karabakh and Azerbaijan" More than 4 bln dollars were stollen by his clan in Armenia, YERKIR.am, 21 February 2007. [30] It is possible that the name Armenia originates in Armini, Urartian for "inhabitant of Arme" or "Armean country. In 384 the kingdom was split between the Byzantine or East Roman Empire and the Persians. This conflict ended after the Battle of Rhandeia, in an effective stalemate and a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor. Roman Province of Armenia occupied some parts of todays Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran and Turkey. According to popular hagiography, the apostle was flayed alive and beheaded. Provincia Armenia ; Province of the Roman Empire: 114-118: Capital: Artashat: History: Historical era: Classical antiquity Established . [101], The GeorgianArmenian War was a border war fought in 1918 between the Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia over the then disputed provinces of Lori and Javakheti which had been historically bi-cultural Armenian-Georgian territories, but were largely populated by Armenians in the 19th century. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. PROVINCES AND THE SUCCESSION Provinces The Problem: Expand frontiers to protect empire, especially civilized regions Then worry about army commanders far away . Octavian himself assumed the title "Augustus" and was given to govern, in addition to Egypt, the strategically-important provinces of Gaul, Hispania and Syria (including Cilicia and Cyprus). In the 290s, Diocletian divided the empire anew into almost a hundred provinces, including Roman Italy. Rome's power and influence increased over the years since, but Armenia retained its independence, even if only as a vassal state, although it was a Roman ally against the Sasanian Empire. As part of this the whole population was ordered to accompany the Persian army in its withdrawal. The Third Crusade and other events elsewhere left Cilicia as the sole substantial Christian presence in the Middle East. (In Italian), "Note sull'anzianit di servizio nel lessico della legislazione imperiale romana", https://web.archive.org/web/20060409205643/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/, Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy), List of administrative divisions by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&oldid=1113636617, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Scarre, Chris (1995). St Gregory and his son Aristaces were successful in the full Christianization of all Armenians in the first half of the 4th century, mainly after Roman emperor Constantine legalised Christianity in the Roman Empire in 313. He was critical of the government's claims of strong economic growth and argued that Kocharyan and his Prime Minister, Serzh Sargsyan, had come to accept a solution to the problem of Nagorno-Karabakh that was effectively the same solution that he had proposed ten years earlier. In Lesser Armenia, Armenian culture was intertwined with both the European culture of the Crusaders and with the Hellenic culture of Cilicia. [14][15][16][17][18], In the so-called Augustan Settlement of 27BC, which established the Roman Empire, the governance of the provinces was regulated. [36], The new kings began a program of expansion which was to reach its zenith a century later. A Hellenistic Armenian state was founded in 190 BC. Within another generation, the campaigns of Lucius Licinius Lucullus nearly brought both nations into the Roman fold. [12], In the early 20th century, the Armenians suffered in the genocide which was committed against them by the Ottoman government of Turkey, in which up to 1.5 million Armenians were killed and many more Armenians were dispersed throughout the world via Syria and Lebanon. [citation needed], Although the Bolsheviks succeeded in ousting the Turks from their positions in Armenia, they decided to establish peace with Turkey. As a consequence of Diocletian's victory over the Sassanids, all of Armenia was once again a vassal state of Rome by 299: Rome secured in this way a wide zone of cultural influence east of Anatolia, which led to a wide diffusion of Syriac Christianity from a center at Nisibis in the first decades of the 4th century, and to the eventual full Christianization of Armenia. The main rival of Urartu was the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Argishtis I of Urartu conquered Latakia from the Hittites,[citation needed] and reached Byblos,[citation needed] and Phoenicia. In May 1919, Dro led an expeditionary unit that was successful in establishing Armenian administrative control in Nakhichevan. The historical enemy of Hayk (the legendary ruler of Armenia) was Bel, or in other words Baal (Akkadian cognate Blu). Roman provincial organization This population held tremendous power within the empire. The whole land can be called a plateau. Despite his successes though, mutinies within the legions forced his recall just a few years later, and Pompey the Great replaced him. Though Armenia was effectively independent for some time, setting up a local dynasty under the Artashesids in 189 BC, conflict with the eastward moving Romans was inevitable. They flourished in south-eastern Asia Minor until it was conquered by Muslim states. In 1988, the Spitak earthquake killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed multiple towns in northern Armenia, such as Leninakan (modern-day Gyumri) and Spitak. In time, the term became the main designation for a territorial jurisdiction in newly acquired regions of the Roman Republic. [20] The provinces in turn were grouped into (originally twelve) dioceses, headed usually by a vicarius, who oversaw their affairs. [88] Under Russian rule, the area corresponding approximately to modern-day Armenian territory was called "Province of Yerevan". [1] Their governors were hierarchically ranked, from the proconsuls of Africa Proconsularis and Asia through those governed by consulares and correctores to the praesides. Likewise, Azerbaijan had an Armenian minority, concentrated in Baku and Kirovabad. Anazarbus (Ancient Greek: , medieval Ain Zarba; modern Anavarza; Arabic: ) was an ancient Cilician city. The new province reached the shores of the Caspian Sea and bordered to the north with the Caucasian Iberia and Albania, two vassal states of Rome. While the Armenians of Constantinople benefited from the Sultan's support and grew to be a prospering community, the same could not be said about the ones inhabiting historic Armenia. [citation needed] In January 1998, Ter-Petrosyan's ministers forced Ter-Petrosyan to resign. Vol. Representatives from across Christendom and a number of Muslim states attended the coronation, thus highlighting the important stature that Cilicia had gained over time. [89], The Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 had further stipulated the rights of the Russian Tsar to resettle Persian Armenians within the newly conquered Caucasus region, which had been taken over from Iran. [105], The Treaty of Svres was signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Svres, France on 10 August 1920. Many local nobles (nakharars) joined their efforts with the Georgians, leading to liberation of several areas in northern Armenia, which was ruled, under the authority of the Georgian crown, by the Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli, a prominent Armeno-Georgian noble family. Indeed Roman supremacy was fully established by the campaigns of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo., that ended with a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by . Gold, silver, iron, granite and marble were also mined in abundance. Roman Armenia refers to the rule of parts of Greater Armenia by the Roman Empire, from the 1st century AD to the end of Late Antiquity.While Armenia Minor had become a client state and incorporated into the Roman Empire proper during the 1st century AD, Greater Armenia remained an independent kingdom under the Arsacid dynasty.Throughout this period, Armenia remained a bone of contention . His predecessor Serzh Sargsyan resigned two weeks earlier following widespread anti-government demonstrations. [1]This process was continued on a larger scale with the creation of extraordinary Exarchates in the 580s and culminated with the adoption of the military theme system in the 640s, which replaced the older administrative arrangements entirely. Licensed Tour Guide in Turkey 2022. Competing national interests and war with Turkey led to the dissolution of the republic half a year later, in April 1918. Within days, hostilities commenced between the two republics. Campaigns against remnants of Armenian resistance, and as a direct result of the civil wars between Antony and Octavian, would last another 30 years. By AD 63 a peace treaty was negotiated in which Tiridates would lay down his crown, hence surrendering the Parthian right to place him on the throne, but it was agreed that he would travel to Rome where Nero himself would give him the throne under Roman authority (AD 66). Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as governor. The Roman provinces (Latin: provincia, pl. The First Republic of Armenia was established on 28 May 1918. 241 BCE. Meanwhile, both the Ittihad (Unionist) and the Nationalists moved to win the friendship of the Bolsheviks. The region was the focus of prolonged warfare in the ByzantineSasanian War of 602628. Tags: Hasan Guldayhistory of Roman Province of Armenialocation of Roman Province of ArmeniaRoman Province of ArmeniaRoman Province of Armenia and Turkey tourtour guide for Roman Province of Armeniatour guide in turkeyTour guide in Turkey for Roman Province of Armeniaturkish tour guide. Any individual who was suspected of using or introducing nationalist, racist and conservative rhetoric or elements in their works were labelled traitors or propagandists, and were sent to prisons in Siberia. He is said to have been martyred for having converted Polymius, the king of Armenia, to Christianity. In the first quarter of the 19th century the Khanate of Erevan included most of Eastern Armenia and covered an area of approximately 7,000 square miles [18,000km2]. This Legion is mentioned in the late-antique text known as Notitia Dignitatum. As the Catholic families extended their influence over Cilicia, the Pope wanted the Armenians to follow Catholicism. Expert Answers: Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity about 300 ce, when St. Gregory the Illuminator converted the Arsacid king Tiridates III. [7][8] Following Persian and subsequent Macedonian rule, the Artaxiad dynasty from 190 BC gave rise to the Kingdom of Armenia which rose to the peak of its influence under Tigranes the Great before falling under Roman rule. Armenia province, located next to Parthian Empire and the Sasanian Empire, was commonly a conflict zone. [87], The Armenian national movement, besides its individual heroes, was an organized activity represented around three parties of Armenian people, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenakan and Armenian Revolutionary Federation, which ARF was the largest and most influential among the three. Therefore, a second round was held and Kocharyan defeated Stepan Demirchyan with official results showed him winning just over 67% of the vote. Corsica and Sardinia (Corsica et Sardinia) 436 CE (Vandals) 197 BCE. Mustafa Kemal (Atatrk) sent several delegations to Moscow in an attempt to win some support for his own post-Ottoman movement in what he saw as a modernised ethno-nationalist Turkey. [1] That exception was unique but not contrary to Roman law, as Egypt was considered Augustus's personal property, following the tradition of the kings of the earlier Hellenistic period.[1]. In 114, he conquered Armenia, which was made into a province, and by the end of 115, he had conquered northern Mesopotamia. It covered Hispania and the westernmost province of Roman Africa: Baetica Baleares (the mediterranean islands) Carthaginiensis Tarraconensis Gallaecia (Portugal, north of the Douro river and Galicia/Spain) Lusitania, Portugal (south of the Douro river) and neighbouring parts of Spanish Extremadura This too was organized as a province in early 116, when coins were minted to celebrate the fact. Militarized expansionism kept increasing the number of these administrative provinces until there were no longer enough qualified individuals to fill the posts. The Shah had previously ordered the destruction of the only bridge, so people were forced into the waters, where a great many drowned, carried away by the currents, before reaching the opposite bank. As a Roman province Armenia was administered by Catilius Severus of the Gens Claudia. View Homework Help - Roman Armenia from CHEMISTRY Chemistry at High Technology High Sch. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as governor. It was a major center in Armenia Minor (P'ok'r Hayk'), remaining so until the end of the 4th century. The Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved in 1936 and as a result Armenia became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. After Trajan's death, however, his successor Hadrian decided not to maintain the province of Armenia. No candidate received a majority in the first round of the election with the incumbent President Kocharyan winning slightly under 50% of the vote. In 645, the Muslim Arab armies of the Caliphate had attacked and conquered the country. In return, they received their royal insignia, including red shoes, from the emperor. [1], Although the Caesars were soon eliminated from the picture, the four administrative resorts were restored in 318 by Emperor ConstantineI, in the form of praetorian prefectures, whose holders generally rotated frequently, as in the usual magistracies but without a colleague. The national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples and the immediate involvement of the European powers in the Eastern question had a powerful effect on the development of the national liberation ideology movement among the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire. The territory came under Roman rule in 133 BCE, when the last ruler of the Kingdom of Pergamon, Attalus III, bequeathed it to the Roman Republic in his will. [5] Erebuni has been described as "designed as a great administrative and religious centre, a fully royal capital. I finished my education abroad on linguistics. [99], Between the 4th and 19th centuries, the traditional area of Armenia was conquered and ruled by Persians, Byzantines, Arabs, Mongols, and Turks, among others. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople from the Byzantines in 1453, and made it the Ottoman Empire's capital. This was a declaration of war and regarded as an invasion of Iranian territory. The Seljuk dynasty under Alp Arslan in turn took the city in 1064.[71]. On 24 April 1915, Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders from Constantinople to the region of Ankara, where the majority were murdered. Nikol Pashinyan was officially appointed Armenia's prime minister. The actual transfer of power took place on 2 December 1920 in Yerevan. Roman emperor Justinian I rebuilt the city in 527 after a strong earthquake hit it. In the end, the Republic had to evacuate Erzurum as well. After the incorporation of the Erivan Khanate into the Russian Empire, Muslim majority of the area gradually changed, at first the Armenians who were left captive were encouraged to return. Although the borders of the two countries were still undefined, Azerbaijan claimed most of the territory Armenia was sitting on, demanding all or most parts of the former Russian provinces of Elizavetpol, Tiflis, Yerevan, Kars and Batum. It seems that the Armenians were pleased with Baldwin's rule and with the crusaders in general, and some number of them fought alongside the crusaders. [20][21] It has been speculated that this was an Indo-European culture. [82][83] Karabakh was also ceded to Russia by Persia. In the regions of Oltu, Sarikamish, Kars, and Alexandropol (Gyumri), Armenian forces clashed with those of the Turkish armies. Other countries which only saw some form of Roman occupation, or of whose effective membership of the empire I am unsure of, are listed in normal print. Following Russia's conquest of all of Qajar Iran's Caucasian territories, many Armenian families were encouraged to settle in the newly conquered Russian territories. [128], A few hours later, tens of thousands of protestors or more gathered at Miyasnikyan Square to protest the government's act. Roman emperor Trajan even created a short-lived Province of Armenia between 114 and 118 AD.[44]. All Rights Reserved. However, despite Rome's political problems, the campaigns of Lucius Cornelius Sulla pushed Mithridates back into Pontus which obviously rippled down to Armenia. Roman Province of Armenia October 7, 2020 Estimated Reading Time: < 1 minute Roman Province of Armenia occupied some parts of today's Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran and Turkey. Their acquisitions are summarized by Strabo. Those Armenians who did not support national liberation aspirations or who were neutral were called chezoks. Pharnaces thus abandoned all of his gains in the west. [3], In the second half of the 3rd century, the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon and areas of southern Armenia were sacked by the Romans under Emperor Carus, and all Armenia, after half a century of Persian rule, was ceded to Diocletian in 299 as a vassal territory.[4]. [32] Thutmose III of Egypt, in the 33rd year of his reign (1446 BC), mentioned as the people of "Ermenen", claiming that in their land "heaven rests upon its four pillars". With Mikhail Gorbachev's introduction of glasnost and perestroika, public demonstrations became more common. Sargsyan was recognized as legitimate president[131][132], On 10 October 2009, the Turkish-Armenian protocols on the establishment of diplomatic relations constituted a novelty in Turkish-Armenian relations. [10][11][8][12], Cisalpine Gaul (in northern Italy) was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and de facto part of Roman Italy,[13] but remained politically and de jure separated. . In December 1918, the Georgians were confronting a rebellion chiefly in the village of Uzunlar in the Lori region. However, the country was briefly occupied by the Roman emperor Trajan between 114 and 117 CE. At the same time, an Indo-European tribe called the Cimmerians attacked Urartu from the north-west region and destroyed the rest of his armies. The Azeris had close ethnic and religious ties to the Turks and had provided material support for them in their drive to Baku in 1918. [112], After the resignation of his predecessor Levon Ter-Petrosyan, Robert Kocharyan was elected Armenia's second President on 30 March 1998, defeating his main rival, Karen Demirchyan, in an early presidential election marred by irregularities and violations by both sides as reported by international electoral observers. (see 2016 ArmenianAzerbaijani clashes). The declaration, which Pashinyan described as a coup attempt, caused a political crisis that ended with the Chief of the General Staff of the Armenian Armed Forces Onik Gasparyan's dismissal. [1], The English word province comes from the Latin word provincia. Yazdegerd thus massed his army and sent it to Armenia, where the Battle of Avarayr took place in 451. [1], During the Principate, the number and size of provinces also changed, through conquest or the division of existing provinces. While laying siege to Kars, he learned of the approach of a large Ottoman army, commanded by Djghazad Sinan Pasha. It was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Great's short-lived empire, with Artaxias becoming its first king and the founder of the Artaxiad dynasty (190 BCAD 1). Many Armenians began to demand statehood. The pretext for the war with the Parthian Empire was the conflicting claims of the Romans and the Parthians to direct the affairs of Armenia. The earliest form of the word "Hayastan", an endonym for Armenia, might possibly be Hayasa-Azzi, a kingdom in the Armenian Highlands that was recorded in Hittite records dating from 1500 to 1200 BC. The Armenian-American historian George Bournoutian gives a summary of the ethnic make up after those events:[90]. HA Marcus Antoninus 9.1, Verus 7.1; Dio Cass. In the first half of the 11th century, under Basil II and his successors, most of Armenia came under direct Byzantine control, which lasted until the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, when all Armenia fell to the Seljuks. The land given to Turkey included the ancient city of Ani and Mount Ararat, the spiritual Armenian homeland. Armen Petrosyan. Talks between Aliyev and Kocharyan were held in September 2004 in Astana, Kazakhstan, on the sidelines of the CIS summit. Even in this early period, Armenia already found itself as a buffer zone between Persian culture in the east and Greek or Hellenistic culture to its west. However, after their defeat by Rome in 190 BC, the Seleucids relinquished control of any regional claim past the Taurus Mountains, limiting Seleucids to a quickly diminishing area of Syria. In fact, its spread was so successful that under Tiridates III (238 - 314 AD), Armenia became the first state to adopt Christianity as the official religion (c. 306 - 314 AD). 2017. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02313c.htm, https://www.amazon.com/Twelve-Lives-Legends-Apostles/dp/1365640434, "A ", Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Armenia&oldid=1119768545, States and territories established in the 110s, States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century, States and territories established in the 1st century BC, Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 09:03. 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