Nature, Scope and Sub-fields of Political Science Saira Randhawa David Easton's Concept of Decline of Political Theory Rima Doot Introduction to Political Science Antonio Delgado Pol sc2 1political science Yvan Gumbao Political science (introduction) aungkokotoe Political Science Joebele Mercene PoliticalScience.pdf vishnuks78 C1 political science This is the reason why the subject of our study is the State and the Government, which are the part and parcel of Political Science. The French Revolution is a glaring example. Realization of this fact is a Way of regulating human conduct, But all conduct in society must conform to certain rules of Common behavior. Techno-optimism claims that innovation overcomes any physical resource constraints and enables the social outcomes and economic growth we desire. He may be influenced consciously or unconsciously by his religious beliefs, his political partnership, his racial prejudices or his philosophical doctrines. Hence any definition of political science must encompass all these components. Liked it. #22 in U.S. Sir George Cornwall Lewis remarks, We cannot treat the body politic as corpus vile and vary its circumstances at our pleasure for the sake only of ascertaining abstract truth. Buckle goes to the extent of calling it most backward of all the arts. This method has been very recently been employed by a number of writer who have attempted to explain political phenomena through psychological laws; Adopting this method, apolitical investigation attempts to study and analyse political activity through the laws of psychology. Herbert Spencers comparison is another glaring example of the wrong use of this method. The definitions of both Political Science and the State, the latter in particular, reveal the bias of the thinkers, for example, the metaphysical (Hegel), the juridical (Austin), the sociological (MacIver), the descriptive (Garner), and many others with their own distinctive labels. Neo-liberals of the eighties of the last century have strongly argued in favour of the curtailment of the functions and powers of state and enhance the same of civil society with the sole purpose of giving more freedom to individuals. It is a matter of regret that China first of all agreed in 1954, to follow the Indian path of Panch Sheel with regard to the solution of the problem of Tibet but later on it abandoned that path and occupied many Indian posts. These results indeed may not be so accurate or so easily tested but as we shall see, the various subjects, with which we deal, present a systematized mass of material which is capable of being treated by ordinary scientific methods. That is only through the exercise of power and influence an individual or organisation can get what he it wants. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. It enables you to understand the relationship between individual or citizen and state. Now we come to the concept of authority or authoritative. Nonetheless, though human beings must and do live in political systems and share the benefits of political life, they do not necessarily participate in political life. Likewise the government also gives due consideration to the public reaction against the reforms brought about by the government. Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics: Definitions, development of comparative politics, comparative politics and comparative government, comparative method and comparative politics, traditional approach to the study of comparative politics. There are various types of resources available in any society. The unquestioned respect for the symbols of its distinctness, like the national flag and the national anthem, is instilled in them from their very childhood; it is an indispensable institution for the existence of its nationals and their development. But we should keep in mind this fact that the state as an organism of growth and development cannot be properly understood without a due consideration to those extra-legal and social forces which lie at the back of the constitution. In their opinion the scientific study of the State is not possible. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. But there is not denying the fact that political experiments have been and are being tried and these experiments have had and are having the same results in similar conditions. Like Lasswell, W. J. M. Mackenzie has defined politics in the light of power. It also tells us how we can become better citizens and w hat are our rights and duties. He is considered as the father of political science because he is the first person who has defined politics using scientific methods. Yet, there is no denying that the analytical cum-empirical method has definitely enlarged the field of our inquiry as it has cleared up the rust in which many helpful distinctions within the framework of political studies lay obscured. In fact we may even describe such a government as dictatorial, democratic, representative or authoritarian; and we often hear about politics and politicking going on in these associations. [PDF Notes] What is the relationship between Sociology and Political Science? Government is the helmsman of the ship of the State. It keeps in secret the record of the progress and downfall of human civilisation and culture. Since here we are mainly concerned with the western political thought, we start our study with the speculations of Aristotle on Political Science. These activities may be private or public, formal or informal. They are also endeavouring to explain and analyse the events systematically. Normally geography is not a branch of social science but its contribution to social science in general and preparing a general theory in particular cannot be overlooked There are several branches of geography such as economic geography, cultural geography, human geography etc. The impact which one individual citizen makes on his own or the succeeding generations may be minimal. Nor can one remain oblivious of political Orientations of the members of society-how citizens the political system itself, how they react to it emotionally, how they evaluate it morally. ii) International relations Foreign, national security policies, diplomacy etc. Mackenzie says that todays political science is not what it was several decades ago. It means that the principles of Political Science are universal and are the same everywhere as politics of one country is different from that of another. Auguste Comte believes that there can be three methods for the scientific study of social phenomena. A concept generally highlights the ideal or principle of political science and this enables the reader to grasp knowledge about the subject. But Laswell would consider as political something that Weber and Aristotle would not: a business firm or a trade union, for example, might have political aspects. On the one hand, India follows the policy of Panch Sheel, non-violence and non-alignment, while China, on the other hand, and follows the policy of force and expansionism. Similarly, a special relationship between an individual, a group, an organization and a state is called influence. Energy and economic discourse seems to mirror Newtons 3rd Law of Motion: For every narrative there is an equal and opposite counter-narrative. Professor Gilchrist has rightly remarked, The genuine historian must recognise the value of philosophy and the true philosopher must equally take the counsel of history. J.S. Power is always at the heart of whatever the state performs. They are: Sociological, Comparative, Dogmatic, Juridical, the methods of good sense and the historical method. Almond suggests that if these two words are added to the definition of Easton it will be a complete and widely accepted one. Their application, strictly speaking, constitutes the vital aspect of political science. Therefore, it becomes very difficult for a political investigator to and at definite conclusions. 8. Bernard Crick says that whenever a society is plagued by crises, the impact falls upon the society and it is reflected on political science. Thats why its scope or subject matter is always changing. If we go through the various stages of the development of political theory we shall find that political theory has sometimes been overshadowed by political philosophy. For example, in some communist countries like Russia, China, Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Rumania, etc., democratic form of government is yet to be introduced. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. In 1895 London School of Economics and Political Science was established. Persons, organisations and groups debate among them on any political issues but at the same time they arrive at agreed terms or solutions. The danger of the comparative method, says Dr. Garner, lies in the liability to error to which it is susceptible in practice since In the effort to discover general principles, the diversity of conditions and circumstances such as differences of temperament and genius of the people, economic and social conditions, moral and legal standards, political training and experience are apt to be ignored or minimised.. The subject matters of earlier political theory were description, explanation and evaluation and the latter opened the way of normative character of political theory. We thus see that political theory can never flourish and spread its manifold aspects in vacuum; it has not fallen from heaven. This view, however, is contested by many. Arguments in Favour of the Scientism of Political Science: Aristotle, Bodin, Hobbes, Montesquieu, Cornwall Lewis, Sidgwick, Lord Bryce, Bluntschli and Jellinck are not satisfied with the arguments given against the scientism of Political Science. For those who feel that our goal should be a general theory of all behaviour, each component of social sciences is valuable to the extent that it contributes to such a general theory, and findings true in only one area of human behaviour are less valuable than findings duplicated with respect to other aspects of life. In the absence of agreement the functioning of society or the existence of social life would have been an impossibility. Thank you. Let us quote some relevant portions from Machenzies noted work Politics and Social Science (1967). Hence an economist and a political scientist/might both study the same concrete institutions; but where the economist would concern himself with problems involving scarcity of resources, the political scientist would deal with problems involving relationships of power, rule or authority. Generally speaking it is impossible to understand thought or action or work without evaluating it. Co-operative Farming could not prove so successful and useful in India as it had proved in Israel and other counties. In its simplest form, political science may be defined as the study of man in the process of governing himself. #378 in Income Inequality Study on Scholarship Today -- Check your eligibility for up to 100% scholarship. Political science has ceased to be solely a science of statecraft in recent years. This notion gathered additional importance in the fifties of the last century when a number of political scientists from both sides of the Atlantic channelised their energy and intellect to the development of general systems theory. In the same way being extremely dissatisfied and disgusted with the French Governmental system in Louis XV (1715-1774 A. D.) regime, Montesquieu came to England, studied its constitution and felt impressed and then propounded the Theory of Separation of Powers. By historicism, he means that researchers mix up their own values with History. There can be no State without a government. The philosophical method does not argue from facts to laws, but starts with assumptions about the nature and ends of the State based on philosophical ground or taken from actual experience and then determines the institutions best adopted to realise them, i.e., construct an ideal state on their basis and criticises existing institutions.. As all of these sciences have their origin, their history and methodology, they are distinct political sciences. This quest has been incessantly going on for centuries together Without reaching agreed conclusions. In 1741 Hume published his essay Politics may be reduced to a science. The Nature of science Science is a process of finding facts, laws, principles, and concepts but the content does not represent science. It has been attacking India since its inception. The policy makers of the-state are heavily preoccupied with the economic problems and finding out their solutions. Every age has its own problems and the solution of these problems should also be in accordance with the conditions of that age. There are a good number of social sciences and a pertinent question may arise in this regard. Some people wanted to do things and by dint of muscle power they did it. But this controversy does not inflict any harm upon concept. Aristotle tells us a simple truth when he says, He who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or god. It means that man is a social animal. This observation is laconic in nature and therefore requires elaboration. It may be noted that Italian philosopher Machiavelli lamented that corruption, degradation of politics and internecine war among the different provinces of Italy were the chief factors of the backwardness of Italy and failure of Italy to be influenced by renaissance which had overwhelmingly influenced other parts of Europe. According to Van Dyke political theory also includes suggestion, recommendations and advices given by political scientists. Political Scientists and researchers collect data and facts from numerous sources and then analyse them. Consequently its scope has widened and its functions have increased in number. Conflict resolution is needed to prevent social crisis as a result of this conflict. A few more words may be still added to our analysis about politics in academic sense and non-academic sense. Secondly, if Meteorology can be recognised and accepted as one of the social sciences even though its fore-telling are not always true, why not Political Science. This is the reason why Lord Bryce does not hesitate to call Political Science an undeveloped and incomplete science. No doubt it is true that Political Science does not strictly observe the theory of cause and effect but it goes without saying that every political incident has its own causes and effect. To understand why, Carey King explores the scientific and rhetorical basis of the competing narratives both between and within energy technology and economics. Now he (Aristotle) is regarded as the father of the science of Politics in the west. Many political scientists even try to call power as the summun bonum of politics. For example, there is no denying the fact that democratic government is the best form of government. Those who know political science, always take useful part in social and political affairs. The nature of science is to investigate through experiences and then to logically explain the data gained through those experiences. As a result of this venture and new outlook certain terms which were generally used by other sciences and are being increasingly used by them have conveniently found their places in politics. Authority makes this important decision for society. Political scientists cannot rule out the possibility of the intrusion of value judgment and normative biasness. The truly philosophical, deductive or a prior method of which Rousseau, Mill and Sidgwick are exponents, says Prof. Gilchrist, start from some abstract original ideas as to the nature of the state, its aims, its functions and its future. Carey King indicates the weak points in the narratives of mainstream economics, which hardly cares about fundamental natural laws. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Auguste Comte, the famous French writer, fails to recognise the scientific character of Political Science and is not ready to call it a science on three grounds. The keynote is on facts. Other political thinkers have also gone to the extent of criticising and giving this method a secondary position. That is why Easton observes: authoritative allocation of values is a minimum prerequisite of any society. It is not unanimously accepted that Democracy is the best form of government. They not only try to explain what had happened but also point out general principles which may serve as a guide for the future. So far as I can judge, political science is still the name which carries meaning to the general public. Everyone should have knowledge like this. But this does not mean that it does not see any interest in the private affairs. Particularly Plato, Aristotle and Hegel were primarily concerned with the analysis of philosophical problems and issues and while doing so they either made passing remarks about politics or treated politics as subsidiary part of philosophy. Nature and Scope of Political Science: Conceptual Analysis e 1 Notes Unit I: Nature and Scope of Political Science: Conceptual These social impulses aside, necessity also compels man to live a social life. We have briefly discussed political theory. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Similarly, these conclusions are also true that the abuse of political power results in mutiny; that Socialism is better than Imperialism; that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. He came in close contact with the social, economic and political conditions of these countries. The main purpose is to broaden the scope and other aspects of the subject. Thus organized, the society is called the State, rules that determine social conduct are the laws of the State and the individuals who enforce the laws and see that all equally observe them constitute its government. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Scope of Political Science The scope of political science is very vast. Political analysis deals with power, rule or authority. We cannot try how the substance is affected by change in temperature, by dissolution in liquids, by combination with other chemical agents and the like. Jawaharlal Nehru refused to divide the State into two separate states, riots broke out in Maharashtra and Dr. Deshmukh, the then Finance Minister of India from that State tendered his resignation as a protest. But for greater and better interests of society the conflict ought to be settled. Aristotle, the father of Political Science, used comparative method for comprehending and analyzing principles, issues and problems of Greek City States of his times. The main subject of our study seems to be the State round which the entire machinery of the Government rotates. We have already noted that political science or politics is an academic and in this sense it can be defined as a study of political affairs, relevant governmental matters and lively issues influencing the functions and decision making process of government or persons at the helm of power. First of all we shall deal with Concept. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. In short we can say that Political Philosophy is concerned with the principles of Political Science and it enters into the development of political thought, whereas in Political Science we study the political institutions and come to know about their working. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The third important method of dealing with the political phenomena is the Comparative Method, a method as old as Aristotle. The state cannot be imagined without the government. Finally a complex administrative structure is to be built up for the implementation of the law and policy. Later on, it was Chanakya who formed and formulated Indian political thinking and gave it a concrete form in the shape of a book named Kautilya Arthashastra, a well-known book of Indian Polity. Under this heading we study the scope and nature of the State. The opinion of the other group is the role of the state should be minimal. This makes it very clear that experimentation is possible in Political Science, even though the exactness of Physics and Chemistry is lacking in it. since we are almost unanimous in recognizing Political Science as an independent discipline, we have, therefore, come to an agreement regarding the nature, scope and methods, etc., of this science. This is what Sabine, Dunning and Mcllwain have done.. While Professor Willoughby believes that generally speaking there are three great topics with which Political Science has to deal: State, government and law. Lowell is also of the opinion that politics is an observational and not an experimental science., A library, according to him is a laboratory of political science only in a limited sense, books for most purposes being no more original sources for the physiology of politics than they are for geology or astronomy. Thus, they delude the public about the underlying influence of energy costs and constraints on economic policies that address such pressing contemporary issues as income inequality, growth, debt, and climate change. No doubt it is true that Political Science has not been able to attain the same degree of exactness and perfection that other physical and natural sciences have attained, yet it claims to be called a science because it has the systematized knowledge of a particular subject. In the preparation of the model the original thing is faithfully remembered. However, such an attitude has not been universally acclaimed and as a result state practically embraces all sorts of social activities. But knowledge of the past and the States present does not exhaust the scope of Political Science. He based his political ideology on the theory of economic interpretation of history.. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Engineering interview questions,Mcqs,Objective Questions,Class Lecture Notes,Seminor topics,Lab Viva Pdf PPT Doc Book free download. Performing the essential services the state should leave all other activities to the responsibility of the individuals. No man is self-sufficient, and nature has not created one. To the traditional thinkers politics was the study of state and government. Treitschke, a German scholar, writes in this connection, First, it should aim to determine from a consideration of the actual world of States the fundamental idea of State; second, it should consider historically what the people have chosen, what they have created, what they have attained in political life and how; and third, through this means it should determine historical law and moral imperatives. If we view from this angle, we come to know that Political Science is really a science because it is also a systematized knowledge and because its conclusions are drawn after observation and experimentation. Now history has become more scientific than ever before. Harold Lasswell has defined political science in the following words. Lucknow Pact of 1916, the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, the Communal Award of 1932, the Poona Pact of the same year, the Government of India Act of 1935, the August offer of 1940, the Cripps Proposals of 1942, the C. R. Formula of 1944, the Wavell plan of 1945, the Cabinet Mission Scheme of 1946. Politics encompasses both these aspects of the use of power. Im glad to know that you found the article useful. Issues are never homogeneous and the heterogeneity of issues creates an atmosphere of debate and in this way politics cannot be separated from controversy. 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