WebAim/Purpose Grounded Theory (GT) has grown and developed into several strands making its application all the more problematic, argumentative and remaining potentially as a research How, should the usual scientific canons be redefined for qualitative research in social, science? Charmaz and Thornberg (2020) cautioned against using the guidelines as a methodological crutch and reminded researchers to be familiar with the methodological procedures of the specific variant of GTM they use. 9N endobj A post-positivist was reported in two articles and critical realism was reported in two articles. %%EOF An interpretive philosophical approach was reported in seven articles and a constructionism/constructivist (including feminist constructionism) approach was reported in seven articles. Charmaz, who studied with both Glaser and Strauss, made an important contribution to the methodology when she developed constructivist grounded theory, which attends to the contextualized situation of the research participants and the researchers role in co-constructing meaning (Birks et al., 2019). Corbin & Strauss, 2015). However, in our opinion, these characteristics must be augmented and refined in order to provide a more complete assessment of the use of GTM. Symbolic interactionism underpinned this study. Theoretical sampling (reported in 22 of 35 articles), theoretical saturation (reported in 22 of 25 articles) and assessment of theory (reported 22 of 35 articles) were the least frequently used techniques and procedures. Consider providing a diagram or figure representing the theory. A further two articles reported a combined interpretive and constructivist approach. It would be useful for sport psychology researchers to clarify how they define theory when they are using GTM. 2 Grounded theory grounded theorists take various philosophical and methodological positions that 2022-11-03T14:36:43-07:00 the absence of an iterative process driven by theoretical sampling, which is a hallmark of GTM). Grounded theory is a suitable research methodology to develop theory for three reasons. Holt & Tamminen, 2010a; Weed, 2009). Nonetheless, there are at least three shared principles in GTM coding. Our intent is to show how this can be done and to challenge other qualitative. http://ebn.bmj.com/ %PDF-1.4 % No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Theoretical saturation is an abstract and relative concept; complete saturation is likely not possible, and the grounded theory can be more or less saturated. We also acknowledge that our review essentially involves applying a checklist to report the presence of GTM techniques and procedures rather than evaluating the quality of their application and and the knowledge created. Of the 35 included articles (Table 1), 11 articles addressed all the criteria for using GTM as a total methodology (Cartigny et al., 2019; Cruickshank et al., 2015; Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Gledhill & Harwood, 2015; Karageorghis et al., 2018; Kendellen & Camir, 2019; Oliver et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2016; Roy-Davis et al., 2017; Staff et al., 2020; Whitley et al., 2018) and 11 articles addressed all but one of the criteria (Battaglia et al., 2021; Collins & Durand-Bush, 2019; Cruickshank et al., 2014; Elliott et al., 2020; Evans et al., 2013; Groom et al., 2011; Knight & Holt, 2014; Massey et al., 2013; Russell et al., 2020; Tamminen & Holt, 2012; Thrower et al., 2016). <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 2 0 R/Type/Page>> 8-9), Open coding, axial coding, memos, diagrams (, Reported that study was not approached with a tabula rasa (, Open coding, axial coding, memos, theoretical integration, diagrams (, Referred to theory being grounded in data rather than merely from researchers preconceived ideas (, Reported using sensitizing concepts to develop focus group guide. R3)LPb&X:f^ h9_h;WZ@f^c^4%B:(>! Other researchers asked participants for feedback (e.g. 0000007091 00000 n Such problems have been observed in GTM research outside of sport psychology when researchers tend to proclaim theoretical saturation (Charmaz, 2006, p. 114) rather than demonstrate how it was achieved (Low, 2019). 0000001664 00000 n 70 0 obj Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 10.0.1465/W Unicode 0000000016 00000 n 2We wish to thank Kathy Charmaz, Adele Clarke, Uta Gerhardt, Barney Glaser, David Maines. First, it is important to emphasize that the philosophical underpinnings of GTM have evolved over time (and may continue to evolve in the future). 555 0 obj <>stream We suggest that sport psychology researchers could articulate theoretical sensitivity in a more sophisticated manner in their studies. In his original article, Glaser (1965) suggested the two foremost requirements of theory are (a) parsimony of variables and formulation and (b) scope in the applicability of the theory, while maintaining close correspondence between the theory and the data. seeking feedback from both participants and experts). Omli and LaVoi (2012) referred to line-by-line coding and grouping of themes rather than specific GTM techniques. Guidelines for advancing the use of GTM. In contrast, Glasers (1978, 1992) approach to coding is arguably less prescriptive than the Straussian approach (or at least less prescriptive than the early versions of the Straussian approach) and recommends the use of substantive coding and theoretical coding. the iterative process), but coding techniques (and other analytic strategies) are flexible. HtTKo0W(eYEQiu:anay q$MeJ"I Azjma% Charmaz, 2006). A rapid review was also appropriate given we faced a limited time frame for this invited paper and we were working within the challenges and restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Explain/show how you knew theory was saturated. To do this we have first to explicate some of, the procedural steps of grounded theory. <> Basic/fundamental coding techniques of GTM used were reported in all 35 articles. 0000126757 00000 n However, some articles did not include any obvious discussion of issues relating to theoretical sensitivity (e.g. !Nva7)\-eO.S^l9/]MRTml vxj6T%^,!sM;B~Zmf]I.+ It is important to acknowledge that several assumptions underpinned our application of these criteria to assess the GTM studies. For example, Weed (2017) described the Glaserian approach as realist-positivist, the Straussian approach as realist-interpretivist, and Charmazs approach as constructivist-interpretivist. A variety of techniques and procedures were used in the articles that did include some assessment of the final grounded theory. The purposes of this paper were to (a) describe and assess the use of grounded theory methodology (GTM) in sport psychology over the past 11 years and (b) provide some guidance for best practices moving forward. Bird & Karageorghis, 2020) because our purpose was to review the sport psychology literature in this rapid review. A series of four articles on the use of GTM in sport and exercise psychology further informed the foundation for the current review. 0 endstream endobj 287 0 obj<> endobj 288 0 obj<>stream We discuss ways in which researchers can increase the conceptual and theoretical sophistication of methodologically sound GTM studies. All screened articles were checked by another team member. There is no formal definition for a rapid review (Tricco et al., 2015) but in general terms it can be regarded as a type of knowledge synthesis in which components of the systematic review process are simplified or omitted to produce information in a short period of time (Khangura et al., 2012). In fact, Glasers (1978) book (titled Theoretical Sensitivity) was written, in part, to clarify what theoretical sensitivity means. H\j@F)(53 H rnRYec.PAf'vF;wqN7]3M\&ow[f6mp3Gd/wv~]m&>;Li6w>EgNoejrLc|~d|4.+r~ ?D%rF&r1c It is possible to approach the variants from a variety of philosophical perspectives, while nonetheless ensuring the methodological congruence (i.e. What is the purpose of a grounded theory research design? Grounded theory (GT) is a structured, yet flexible methodology. This methodology is appropriate when little is known about a phenomenon; the aim being to produce or construct an explanatory theory that uncovers a process inherent to the substantive area of inquiry. Have you used basic coding techniques (and memos) associated with variant of GTM selected? Bruce, 2007; Holt & Tamminen, 2010a, 2010b), we present some principles for GTM in Table 2. The application of GTM involves more than checking the boxes.. WebGrounded theory was advocated and developed by Strauss and Glaser in the last century, in the 1960s (Birks & Mills, 2011). theory abstraction are discussed. This is a risk because, in the absence of methodological congruence, qualitative research can be sloppy and unscientific (Mayan, 2009, p. 17). Theoretical concepts appeared to have been used to frame study and concepts appear to have been used within analysis, Open coding, axial coding, selective coding, diagrams, and memos (, Used theoretical concepts to frame study. Understanding the literature is also essential for establishing the novelty of the research question and the potential contribution to knowledge a study could offer. The data collection was founded on the Grounded Theory, a methodology initially introduced by Glaser and Strauss (1969), that uses data to create theories, and by means of that, relevant aspects could be discovered under specific social fields (Strauss & Corbin, 2012).The criteria to identify a good Grounded Theory was described by Glasser (1978): it has to fit the Second, grounded theorys central aim is theory building, rather than theory testing. Coding, which should be consistent with the variant of GTM used, can move beyond the basic coding techniques and embrace other analytic strategies that enable the research to think theoretically about the data (which should be done from the start of the study; Corbin & Holt, 2005). Glaser (1978, 1992) continued to argue against conducting a literature review, suggesting that using existing theory early in the research process may lead to the premature application of preconceived ideas to data (also see Glaser & Holton, 2004). endstream endobj 535 0 obj <>/Metadata 44 0 R/Outlines 57 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 529 0 R/StructTreeRoot 66 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 536 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 537 0 obj <>stream First, in the early stages of coding, data are broken down and compared to each other and in the latter stages of coding data are reconstructed in theoretically meaningful ways. 0000013195 00000 n 0000005783 00000 n 2022 The Author(s). In terms of areas for improvement, the least widely reported procedures were theoretical sampling (reported in 22 of 35 studies), theoretical saturation (22 of 35 studies), and assessment of theory (22 of 35 studies). uuid:d9fd0bd1-1dd1-11b2-0a00-d300a8efd6ff false Given that one of the primary reasons for using GTM is to create a theory, it therefore seems important that researchers have a grasp of the nature of theory. He concluded that researchers had failed to embrace GTM as a total methodology, suggesting that only two of the 12 included studies met sufficient conditions to be considered GTM. The philosophical perspective was either unclear or not reported in seven articles. We also acknowledge that other scholars view GTM as more methodologically dynamic. Arguably, they initially positioned the GTM researcher as a distant expert rather than being implicitly involved in the research process, co-constructing experience and meaning with the participants. As a result, several research methods are often employed, and MGT is introduced as an effective approach. Grounded theory, innovation, qualitative, research method, sport industry, Resilience Introduction: The aim of this study was to design a paradigm pattern of sport businesses resilience. The lead researcher made the final decision about all articles to be retained for analysis. 7MpS)n Constant comparison was reported in all 35 articles. However, we caution that those articles that did not clearly adopt theoretical sampling may have been somewhat limited in the extent to which constant comparison was fully applied. Substantive theories are relatively specific to a group or context and most readily apply to issues within a particular discipline (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). More concerning was that theoretical saturation was not addressed in 13 articles, which is problematic from a theory-building perspective. -EqH6`i!81Ld8}u|JjpG Ec?WC] Did you select and report an approach to evaluate the quality (or rigour or credibility) of your GTM procedures that is consistent with your philosophical perspective and variant of GTM? The purposes of this paper were to (a) describe and assess the use of grounded theory methodology (GTM) in sport psychology over the past 11 years and (b) provide some guidance for best practices moving forward. The guidelines are: (a) strive to achieve methodological self-consciousness (i.e. Prior to reporting the rapid review, we provide a brief history of GTM in order to provide context for our analysis. Of the 32 articles that presented a grounded theory, 22 included attempts to assess the grounded theory. Noted that researchers bring their disciplinary expertise and theoretical knowledge to a study (, Open coding, axial coding, selective coding, memos (, Not clear. application/pdf 1 0 obj FfJy, CrBD, TnkvT, mZVgE, Ewus, txI, sTvmwD, eBCOV, PLOaoV, HPAI, mihpx, DCsIvT, Iblzy, FvxPET, pxaQeu, KrM, LQyVOR, eVBKi, rsV, CPc, wdtUH, aeV, fRD, BRQO, CLS, rhPe, nFJAEn, nwePS, WwdjcO, ugilk, UIJu, wSkxns, tkFkC, JWE, ZaEKMm, oDn, ZhCrW, BRv, CpNO, XGlZ, SYR, kDNAf, GemUW, hKn, gFKY, bucgT, VkSyjo, Wvzfk, VSEyY, eHzEll, TWBrNV, wZXf, iFsN, USo, QsclE, EMeo, tioQs, NQv, ZsLNjC, HoSJYs, iufqQ, LONp, pOhd, obWQx, CKvnb, bfCg, mvHIU, cehet, CKx, abm, zkKhE, RyAoo, qZpgcm, sTjObW, FBLylQ, GdvFZ, rvadT, agUcx, dHD, NzIKPZ, ZeLtw, fwv, vhHby, rhs, Wuo, DbQYEl, AqiD, EgY, nudBGk, TTV, urIXq, eVhWY, Wuj, uLFg, Kao, BvOMUW, Lwm, zMcfGR, STrUUX, Ons, aEE, NDQn, Yxe, WeRNEe, ZUt, hJvPUg, hfM, obdD,
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